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CHAPTER SIX - USING CULTURAL KEYLINE FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL AND PSYCHO-BIOLOGICAL CHANGE CONTENTS CHAPTER SIX - USING CULTURAL
KEYLINE FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL AND PSYCHO-BIOLOGICAL CHANGE THE ERGOTROPIC AND TROPHOTROPIC SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF USING ERGOTROPIC AND TROPHOTROPIC SYSTEMS Neville’s Cultural Keyline Way Linking Psychobiological and Psychosocial Systems FIGURES Figure 1 Some of the Ergotropic System's Functions Figure 2 Some of the Trophotropic System Functions Figure 3 A List of Things Being Funneled Through the Limbic Hypothalamic System Figure 4 Some aspects of Cultural Keyline Process in Action ORIENTATING This Chapter further details
Neville’s adapting of Keyline to Cultural Keyline. Drawing upon Rossi (Rossi 1985; Rossi
1986)
it introduces the way Neville worked psychobiologically with the body’s
ergotropic and trophotropic systems. Examples are given of how Neville worked
simultaneously with psychosocial and psychobiological systems. Neville’s
background understandings and skill in neuro-psycho-biology added to his
connexity perspective. Neville wove together neuro-psycho-biological
understandings with Indigenous practices for altering body states in his life
work. Recall that Neville saw strategic significance for getting his life
work written up in my own post-graduate studies in neuro-psychology. Neville
and I had regular discussions about the practical and therapeutic use of the
latest findings in neuro-psycho-biology. Neville had personal experience of
Aboriginal people and their way of life on their homelands, had experienced
their practical understanding of neuro-psycho-biology, and had seen this
understanding woven into their ceremonies and other socio-cohesion practices.
Neville used these understandings and ways in his individual and group work.
The following section outlines my understanding of Neville’s Way of working
simultaneously with each individual’s mindbody system and the Fraser House
social-system, and his Way of working with some of the dynamics within and
between neuro-psycho-biological systems and psychosocial systems. THE ERGOTROPIC AND TROPHOTROPIC SYSTEMS The mindbody system that ‘controls’ among other things
the distribution and use of metabolic energy in the body is composed of two
integrated systems. One system is called the ergotropic system and the other
the trophotropic system (Rossi 1985; Rossi 1986). I have placed a background paper I wrote about
these systems on the Internet. (Spencer 1997). In
broad terms, the ergotrophic system’s ecological function is to look after
short-term wellbeing – quick fast responses often characterized as ‘fight or
flight’. The trophotropic system’s function is to look after long-term
wellbeing and renewal. The ergotropic system is geared for short bursts; the
trophotropic system is geared for prolonged action for recuperation and
growth. In keeping with embodied connexity, dysfunction in people’s
social life world is mirrored in their ergotropic-trophotropic system
functioning. Both these systems’ responses and accompanying
behaviors-in-contexts may range from functional/adaptive to dysfunctional/non-adaptive.
Neville was very familiar with these integrated and integrative systems and
non-verbal indicators of system states and functioning. The following section
discusses how he used them therapeutically in all of the Fraser House
processes. Neville was very skilled in using the ergotropic-trophotropic system therapeutically. He would do things to intentionally provoke shifts in the relative arousal level in these two systems for therapeutic effect. Recall that Neville categorized the mad and the bad into overactive-undercontrolled (generally excess ergotropic) and underactive-overcontrolled (generally excess trophotropic); I say ‘generally’ as there is constant movement in the relative levels between the systems. Neville used neuro-psycho-biological Keyline approaches to enable everyone’s activity-cum-arousal systems to self organize towards adaptive/thrival states as contexts unfolded, through enabled interacting in the psychosocial sphere. The ergotropic system is activated when there is the possibility of responding to stimuli. The system may arouse the entire mindbody for action (especially threat) or arouse some portion of it. It may have extremely quick response times. Some of the ergotropic system's functions are shown in Figure 1. ·
The principal function is
the control of short range, moment-by-moment adaptation to events in the
world ·
It gears the mindbody to
initiate and carry out action - often extremely quickly ·
It's particularly connected
to fight/flight/avoidance behaviors ·
The systems activation
shunts the body's metabolic energy away from the body’s long-range
developmental activities ·
It enables the expenditure
of vital resources ·
Bronchi are opened ·
It mediates stress relative
to events in the world ·
Historically, it allows us
to eat without been eaten Figure 1 Some of the Ergotropic System's Functions As demand on the system increases ergotrophic arousal, the EEG
moves away from equilibrium, becoming desynchronized. This move to far from
equilibrium is regularly found throughout adaptive living systems facing
provocation. Neville knew that patients’ interplay of the dimensions
safety-danger and gain-loss was always occurring against a substrate of
endogenous chemicals, underlying arousal and emotion pervaded ideation. He
worked to intervene in any and all of these aspects. Neville would use the
presence of black and white (dichotomous) types of thinking as an indicator
of heightened ergotropic arousal. An example would be, ‘Either you're for us
or against us’ – that is, extreme polarization. Some of the Trophotropic
system's functions are shown in Figure 2. · the system operates to maintain the optimum internal
balance of bodily functions for continued good health and development of the
mindbody · it controls the somatic functions responsible for the
long term wellbeing · growth · longevity · regulating all of the following functions: · reconstruction and growth of cells · digestion · relaxation,
and · sleep Figure 2
Some of the Trophotropic System Functions Neville was
specially interested in my post-graduate studies in neuro-psychobiology.
Neville and I had extensive discussions about action research using the
following therapeutic neuro-psychobiology. The
ergotropic-trophotropic relationship relative to any stimulus may be anchored
so that it automatically adjusts to a specific relative level as a
‘conditioned’ response in the presence of that stimuli (Dilts, Grinder et al. 1980, p. 119-151; Lankton 1980, p.
56-60, 70-72, 74, 90-104, 109, 113-116, 118; Bandler, Grinder et al. 1982, p.
53, 107, 109-110, 150, 165, 175-176, 180-185, 187-188, 193, 198; Hanlon 1987). A context and stimulus may be reframed away from being
an anchored stimulus so that a ‘conditioned’ response is not activated or
activated at a different threshold and/or response level. One aspect of how
anchoring and reframing may be ‘working’ (Rossi 1985; Rossi 1986) is that it sets up internal contexts containing a
particular state of endogenous (internal) chemicals (neuro, endocrinal and
hormonal transmitters and peptides) and introduces a changed set of
associated meanings and emotions in the presence of a particular set of
stimuli. This in turn is linked to state dependent memory and learning. The
memory is state dependent in that a very specific endogenous chemical mix is
present when the memory is reconstituted (Rossi 1985; Rossi 1986). When an unchanged state-dependent memory returns,
associated feelings and emotions accompany it. By reframing the state,
aspects of the memory changes and so does the experience associated with the
memory. (Bandler 1985; Andreas and Andreas 1987) As an example, I had a client teed up for me by Neville
who, with seven facio-cranial nerves dysfunctioning, poor speech motor
production, and an upbeat nystagmus in the right eye, had all return to full
functioned after fifty years dysfunction. This occurred after I enabled him
to have 12 minutes deep entranced recall with time distortion of a pleasant
trip around New Zealand three years prior to symptom onset. This may well be
a classic case of state dependent memory and learning with activation of
neural pathway functioning associated with the memories. Dysfunctional
symptoms did not re-occur (Spencer and Stephens 1989). The processing being discussed takes place in the
hypothalamic limbic region (and elsewhere) where there is integration of sensory
crossover with cognitions and the chemicals of emotions (Pert 2002). This anchored ergotropic-trophotropic system
relationship tends to happen as part of our socializing or in a rather ad hoc
way. For example, some people ‘get up tight’ around people in
‘authority’. This implies a discrete ergotropic-trophotropic ‘mix’ relative
to those perceived to be in authority. Neville was continually anchoring and
re-anchoring system balance levels in Fraser House. He would ‘tune’, ‘retune’
or ‘fine tune’ people’s responses. Recall that the German word
‘stimmung’ is linked to the German word for tuning an instrument. When tuned,
the result is ‘stimmung’ – tuned output. The word is also used for when the
mood in a group becomes attuned – they get on the same or resonant
wavelength. ‘Stimmung’ is the mood that attunes (Pelz
1974, p. 89).
At the ergotropic-trophotropic and sensate level, people can together get
into lock-sync. Stimmung regularly occurred in Fraser House, especially
within Big Group, and Neville would use it whenever it occurred. Neville used
to regularly raise or lower this community stimmung, and reframe and anchor
ideas, emotions and feelings associated with community stimmung for
therapeutic purposes. It is possible to use reframing and
anchoring to change the relative ergotropic-trophotropic balance that occurs
in response to a particular set of stimuli. For example, in Fraser House in
the early days of their Fraser House stay, over-active people would often go
into ergotropic overload when they were provoked. Reframing and anchoring may
allow these peoples’ ergotropic-trophotropic balance to be tuned such that
the ergotropic is ‘set’ at a much lower level in the presence of provocation.
Upon intentional community re-anchoring, state dependent memory and learning
may take place associating provoking stimuli with a different internal
chemical state and a different ergotropic-trophotropic balance (Bandler
1985; Andreas and Andreas 1987).
Different meanings, somatic feelings, memories and emotions may also
accompany the presence of the stimuli. The sensory elements of memory are
also state dependent, including the submodes of the senses (Bandler
1985; Rossi 1985; Rossi 1986; Andreas and Andreas 1987). Neville was always interested in the
functioning of the minute parts of the hypothalamic limbic region in sensory
submodality and cross-sensory processing, and the therapeutic potential of
these understandings (Yeomans
1986).
Processes for therapeutically using sensory submodality processes are part of
Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) evolved by Richard Bandler, John Grinder
and others. Sensory submodality work was the theme of the workshop where I
first met Neville (Bandler
1985; Andreas and Andreas 1987).
Neville had just returned from sensory submodality workshops in the USA
facilitated by Steve and Connirae Andreas when I first met Neville. Sensory
submodality change processes were the topic of that Balmain workshop I attended
where Neville first found out about my background. NLP explores the structure
of subjective experience. Neville, in keeping with Cultural Keyline also
referred to NLP as Natural Living Processes and Natural Learning Processes. In Neville’s 1986 video interview (Yeomans
1986)
he states that while he had an extensive range of therapeutic interventions
he could use, his gaining of NLP experiences in the Seventies and Eighties
had enabled him to have, in his words, even greater brevity and precision in
his work with individuals and groups. A copy of this video is in the
University of Northern Territory and La Trobe University libraries. Neville
also said that NLP gave him frameworks for understanding what he had done
intuitively back in the Sixties. Neville viewed NLP so potent that in his NLP
workshops and his own use of NLP with clients, personal and client ecology
was paramount. Neville kept himself abreast of all of the innovations in NLP
during the Eighties and Nineties and continued to be an avid reader of
neuro-psycho-biology till his death. Neville made good use of the Internet in
keeping abreast of psycho-neurobiological research. He told me that he was
especially monitoring the small sensory sub-systems in the
hypothalamic-limbic region. Neville, Geoff Guest, Terry Widders, Chris and
Jules Collingwood and others ensured that NLP skills are spreading throughout
the Laceweb. It is possible for an enabler to
retune the relative balance levels of the ergotropic and trophotropic systems
in a particular context. Neville’s co-facilitator at the Balmain Workshop,
Chris Collingwood had co-learnings with First Nations natural nurturers from
the Northern Americas. He told me that he had been told that over the
centuries in some cultures, healers - for example, the Healer of the Peace
Chief in some North American cultures - have met the returning hunting party
well outside the communal camp. These healers would use rituals and
ceremonies to retune the ergotropic excitement (elation or disappointment) of
the hunt to a more relaxed response (trophotropic reactivity) so that
problematic energy was not brought back in the community. Note that in this
case, the healer's retuning is shifting the relative systems-balance between
various anchored states, without altering the anchoring. Neville
would do both types of changes depending on context, that is, change the
relative balance with or without changing the anchoring or automatic nature
of the response. It may well be that Indigenous
healers have been using ceremonies, rituals and other healing ways for the
tuning and retuning of ergotropic and trophotropic relative balance for
thousands of years as an aspect of Indigenous sociomedicine. It may be that
this is fundamental firstly, to virtually all their healing ways and
secondly, to the evoking of various states of consciousness. Major and
lasting healing change away from problematic mindbody states may come from
reframing and anchoring during their healing ceremonies (Dilts, Grinder et al.
1980, p. 119-151; Lankton 1980, p. 56-60, 70-72, 74, 90-104, 109, 113-116,
118; Bandler, Grinder et al. 1982, p. 53, 107, 109-110, 150, 165, 175-176,
180-185, 187-188, 193, 198; Hanlon 1987). Recall the occasion when Neville went
‘berserk’ in Big Group - his constant changing of the group’s focus during
that episode was an example of using crowd synchrony and contagion in the
context of energizing emergent self-organizing properties in the inter-mix of
psychosocial and psycho-biological systems in all present. Within Big Group,
Neville used provocation and crowd contagion as an external driver. The
following section gives an example of Neville being an external driver. EXAMPLES OF USING ERGOTROPIC AND TROPHOTROPIC SYSTEMSJab the WifeI will now give an example. In the early
Sixties Neville was called to a crisis in an upstairs dorm in Fraser House.
When Neville rushed in, an outpatient wife, who had no authority to be
there was pleading with her husband (a patient) with ‘caring concern’ to calm
down. He was facing the corner stabbing the wall with a large knife (which he
should not have had) yelling he was going to kill her (the wife). On either
side of the husband were staffers with knockout injections ready to jab him.
The staff yelled to Neville, ‘Do we jab him’. Even in these dramatic
contexts, staff sought community okay for action, if possible. Neville sized
up the situation in a flash and said, ‘Jab the wife!’ This was Neville
intervening in the respective ergotrophic-trophotropic system of each of
the four people in the room. Neville was guided by the free energy in the
system. The husband had his back to the wife. He was stabbing the wall, not
the wife. She was, for Neville, the dysfunctional ‘driver’ of his juices.
Neville intervened so that Neville became the ‘context driver’. Instantly
there was a reset of everyone’s ergotrophic-trophotropic systems. The husband
froze. The staffers were confused. The wife turned into a rage and screamed
obscenity at Neville revealing a side of herself that she had never revealed
at Fraser House before. So as not to have her provoke the husband to actually
harm her, Neville immediately yelled again, ‘Jab the Wife!’ A staffer did jab
the wife while the other one stayed ready to jab the husband. She collapsed
immediately. The husband, who had not turned round, immediately put the knife
down and started sobbing and stammering that she was goading him to sneak out
of Fraser House and do house robberies. He had arrived as a patient at Fraser
House some weeks before from Long Bay Jail where he was a frequent inmate on
robbery charges. On his last offence he had uncharacteristically harmed an
elderly couple who surprised him during a robbery. It was this that was the
reason for the authorities suggesting he be transferred to Fraser House for
the last months of his term. It turned out that the demanding wife had been
the catalyst for all his crime. Only the husband and wife knew this
was the case. After being in Fraser House he wanted to break free of this
cycle, though he loved his wife. He was drawn to toxicity (his wife), and it was this bind that Neville spotted when he entered the room. This bind is often a major cause in catatonia. Till now, the patient had never found his voice to say anything about the wife. As she was signed on as an outpatient, Neville had every right to administer drugs to her. She slept and then slipped off sheepishly. The next day she fronted Big Group and one of the Small Groups and her dysfunctional behavior was stopped. All of what had happened in that upstairs dorm had happened extremely quickly. States can change very quickly. Learning can take place very quickly. Neville had acted in the upstairs dorm with high-speed precision. Neville reframed the context for each of the four in the upstairs dorm by yelling, ‘Jab the wife’. By saying these three words twice Neville created a context where major change occurred with ripple-on effects. Notice that Neville’s response, ‘Jab the wife’ had a very different effect on each person present. It increased the Ergotrophic response in the Wife, decreased the Ergotrophic response in the husband and had the staffers go into curious confusion, typically an ideal learning state. Neville, in repeating the command, ‘Jab the Wife’ interrupted the staffers state and got action, reinforced the husband’s increased Trophotropic state, and removed the wife from the context. Neville could affect everyone differently and appropriately because he continually attended to the unfolding context as an inter-dependent, inter-related, interconnected living system. Neville looked for the free energy. A typical mainstream system response would have been to see the husband as ‘the problem’ and that this ‘problem’ had to be ‘eliminated’ (rather than resolved). The husband would have been jabbed as a matter of course, the wife would have been sent home and nothing in the husband-wife dynamic would have changed and the husband would have been put in the ‘difficult case’ basket while the wife as ‘unknown source of dysfunction’ would have sustained his dis-integration. Neville’s Cultural Keyline Way Linking Psychobiological and Psychosocial Systems Neville used many processes to
engender change within all parts of the mindbody. We may particularly
engender change within the limbic-hypothalamic crossover system and through
this, change may flow to all other parts of the mindbody (Rossi 1985; Rossi
1986).
All of the things listed in Figure 3 are being
funneled through the hypothalamic limbic system – the major mindbody
crossover and integration complex (Rossi 1985; Rossi 1986; Pert
1998; Pert 1999/02; Pert 2002): ·
ideas and meanings ·
all our senses ·
all our emotions ·
all our body sensations ·
all our memories ·
all our imaginings ·
endocrinal input and output ·
autoimmune input and output ·
autonomic input and output ·
neuro-peptide system
crossovers & cross-talk Figure 3
A List of Things Being Funneled Through the Limbic
Hypothalamic System Neville set up processes that effected people at all of these levels in a system self-organizing way. To reiterate, Neville used the term Cultural Keyline to identify his way of working with people as psychobiological systems interlinked with psychosocial systems. ‘Cultural Keyline’ is isomorphic to the enabling interaction Neville and his father had with all of the myriad interlinking aspects of the soil, air, water, nutrient, and warmth on their farms. Once the soil had P.A. and Neville’s subtle enabling interventions and provoking, they would let the system self-organize towards thriving. Similarly, Neville made use of ergotrophic-trophotropic system(s) and their linkings as potential well-being change-points. We have explored the ergotropic and trophotropic systems and have noted that these two system's primary roles are our short term and long-term wellbeing respectively. What follows are examples of how Neville used the above understandings. Neville would use curiosity, confusion, surprise,
intrigue, presupposition, implication and the novel to shift states. An
example was the husband stabbing the wall in the upstairs dorm suddenly being
open about what pressure his wife had been putting him under for years.
Another example was the sudden shift in everyone following the extended
discussion of the blue scrotum. Neville would create contexts that would
create shifts in state dependent learning. He would devise processes that
stimulated the ascending reticular activating system to create heightened
states of cortical activity to facilitate new learning. As an example from
Fraser House, Neville spoke of strongly provoking people sitting either side
of a catatonic woman in Big Group. No one had seen this catatonic become
involved in any interaction. Because of being provoked by Neville, these two
people sitting either side of the catatonic started heatedly talking across
her. She suddenly popped out of her catatonic state and started responding to
one of them saying, ‘A similar thing to what is happening to you happened to
me a long time ago!’ She then engaged the two of them in animated
conversation. These other two were potently shifted by well knowing that she
had been catatonic, and what that meant, and that her sudden return to
reality somehow involved them. Neville’s process was resonant with Farrelly’s
provocative therapy (Farrelly and Brandsma 1974). Neville used his highly developed attending skills to
sense the levels and shifts in ergotropic and trophotropic states and their
implications and functionings, and how they may be sustaining problematic
happenings, and then use his refined intuition to create shifts in levels as
potential entry points for change. By Neville’s example, others learned how
to ecologically and respectfully share understandings about tuning, retuning,
reframing and anchoring ergotropic and trophotropic states and functionings -
often without having detailed knowledge of what they were doing.
Warwick Bruen gave the example of one staff member who, upon finding a large
number of patients who had become very agitated, with the very real
possibility of the gathering turning to something approaching a lynch mob
(something which was very rare in the Unit). To revisit this person’s
intervention in Cultural Keyline terms, he was able to, in a few sentences
and gestures to shift group ergotrophic arousal suddenly to a much lower
level, and suddenly raise the trophotropic arousal. This was accompanied by a
few seconds reframe of the meaning of the context from ‘mob vengeance’ to
‘experience how quickly we can change states’ and ‘see how can we as a group
work through issues as a community to ensure well-being for individuals
groups and the whole community, and ensure Fraser House’s continued
existence’ Neville used very advanced therapeutic language patterns
with all of the complexity of Dr. Milton Erikson’s way of working (Yeomans 1986; Hanlon 1987). Recall that in his 1986 video interview on
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Neville said that NLP had made explicit
the various patterns and processes used by effective change enablers and that
understanding these patterns had enabled Neville to fine tune his own
intuitions and enabled him to act with increased precision and succinctness.
Milton Erikson pointed out, the things that dysfunctional people do are
typically the best they can (Grinder, De Lozier et al. 1977; Hanlon 1987). Anything they do uses their resources. Similarly
Neville added to people’s
resources; he did not take them away. Resources were jumping off points for
emergence. To give some other examples of Neville’s Way of enabling
psychobiological systems, Neville would play with combinations of
logical-verbal and analogical-metaphorical ways of information exchange so as
to optimize left and right cerebral hemisphere integration for creative problem
solving in specific situations. He may usefully engage the fronto-limbic
system (idea-emotion interaction and synthesis) of a youth in a quandary
about life goals. He would work out ways to use a person’s mind and
trophotropic system to help an exhausted immune system to take a short
recovery break, or mobilize itself and the wider defensive-healing-well-being
processes. He would interrupt an ergotropic system that is locked on high
gear following trauma with the result that the person is ‘full on,’ but
‘exhausted’. Neville would use advanced therapeutic language skills (Bandler, Grinder et al. 1975; Bandler and Grinder 1975;
Grinder, De Lozier et al. 1977; Bandler, Grinder et al. 1979; Bandler 1984;
Hanlon 1987) to create mind links to neuro-peptides, the messengers
between all systems, to heal in life threatening/disturbing contexts (Rossi 1985; Rossi 1986; Yeomans 1986; Pert 1999/02; Pert
2002). He also made extensive use of therapeutic story telling
as a way of shifting all aspects of a person, group and/or the Fraser House
and other communities (Gordon 1978; Petford Working Group 1998; Spencer 1998;
Petford Working Group 2000; Spencer 2000; Petford Working Group 2001; Spencer
2001). He was also very adept at suddenly changing everyone’s
‘definition’ of what was going on so they were suddenly shifted sequentially
through a series of differing states. As an example, Neville may make
everyone confused, then angry, then very disturbed, then angry again with a
different focus, then confused again, and then challenged, and then as one,
have everyone rising to accept a big challenge, as in that case when he went
berserk when he was taking holidays and the Department had arranged no
replacement for him. In group contexts, Neville typically set up a group mood
that attuned (stimmung) – a psychosocial synchrony through contagion. Neville
knew that adaptive systems tend to
stay far from equilibrium. Neville would strategically provoke the Fraser
House systems into further disequilibrium to create potential energy for the
emergence of functional adaptive responses. Neville knew that living systems can reach a point,
called in complexity theory, a bifurcation point, where there can be a sudden
system negentropy (the opposite of entropy) leading to the potential and
emergence of sudden whole system transcending transition to higher and more
unpredictable complexity and improved performance (Capra 1997, p. 167). In the ‘Neville going berserk’ example, staff
outpatients and patients alike were all having many learnings (with different
learnings for different people), gaining mindbody flexibility and the
capacity to make good group and individual decisions on the run. Notice how
all of this is resonant with what Neville and his father did on their farms.
They worked with any and every interlinked aspect of the web of life on the
farm. Any part of the complexity of the farm was an entry point for change.
Recall that Maturana had written that we are, ‘members of an evolutionary
trend centered around the conservation of the biology of love and the
expansion of intelligence. Love is the grounding of our existence as humans,
and is the basic emotioning in our systemic identity as human beings.’
Resonant with the use of free energy in the Yeomans’ farm work, Neville saw
love as a fundamental source of free energy. Zuzenka Kutena, a colleague of
mine told me of having a philosophical discussion with a nine-year-old Maori
youth who told Zuzenka that he - and all life - ‘is born of love of Mother
Earth and Father Sky’. Contrast this with the paranoia, the fear, and the
tension of people who see the Earth as unforgiving and needing to be
dominated and subdued. Neville spoke of Maturana’s ideas being resonant with the
epochal transition processes Neville was exploring, especially the following
Maturana quote: ‘Furthermore, we shall remain humans of the
kind Homo sapiens amans, only as
long as love remains as the central emotion in the systemic conservation of
our particular human identity as such, so that we do not become Homo sapiens aggressans through the
conservation of living in aggression.’ All of Neville’s varied social actions were fostering,
enabling and evolving loving, caring, human identities towards an epoch
sustaining in Maturana’s terms, Homo sapiens
amans – loving people. |